What is the aim of lead optimisation?

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Lead optimisation aims to refine a starting compound so it works better against its target while minimizing safety risks, all within drug-like properties. The focus is on increasing potency and selectivity (improved efficacy) and reducing adverse effects or toxicity, while also optimizing pharmacokinetic behavior and practicality for development. This balance—strong, targeted activity with fewer safety concerns and usable drug properties—is what makes a lead a viable candidate for further development. The other ideas miss this core goal: lowering manufacturing costs is important for economics but not the primary scientific aim; extending how long the drug stays in the body without improving safety or efficacy can create new risks; and increasing formulation complexity adds challenges without guaranteeing better outcomes.